Judaism Essays - Religion, Geography Of Asia, Monotheistic Religions

Judaism Is Judaism composed of many 'small religions' or one underlying religion? It has been argued that Judaism can be seen not only as a single religion, but as a group of similar religions. It has also been pointed-out that through all the trials and tribulations that Judaism has suffered through, that there have been common themes that have proven omni-pervasive. Any institution with roots as ancient and varied as the religion of the Jews is bound to have a few variations, especially when most of its history takes place in the political and theological hot spot of the Middle East. In this discussion, many facets of Judaism will be examined, primarily in the three temporal subdivisions labeled the Tribal / Pre-Monarchy Period, the Divided Monarchy, and the Hasmonean / Maccabean and Roman Era. Among all the time periods where the religion has been split, these three seem to be the most representative of the forces responsible. As for a common thread seen throughout all Judiasms, the area of focus here is the place associated with the religion : Jerusalem. This topic will be covered in detail first, and then the multiple Judaism arguments will be presented. In this way, it is possible to keep a common focus in mind when reading about all the other situations in which the religion has found itself. A brief conclusion follows the discussion. A Place to Call Home No other religion has ever been so attached to its birthplace as Judaism. Perhaps this is because Jews have been exiled and restricted from this place for most of their history. Jerusalem is not only home to Judaism, but to the Muslim and Christian religions as well. Historically this has made it quite a busy place for the various groups. Jerusalem is where the temple of the Jews once stood; the only place on the whole Earth where one could leave the confines of day to day life and get closer to God. In 586 BCE when the temple was destroyed, no Jew would have denied Jerusalem as being the geographic center of the religion. From that point on, the Jewish people have migrated around the world, but not one of them forgets the fact that Jerusalem is where it all began. It is truly a sacred place, and helps to define what Judaism means to many people; a common thread to run through all the various splinters of the religion and help hold them together. Even today, as the Jewish people have their precious Jerusalem back (through the help of other nations and their politics) there is great conflict and emotion surrounding it. Other nations and people in the area feel that they should be in control of the renowned city, and the Jews deny fervently any attempt to wrestle it from their occupation. It is true that there is no temple in Jeruslaem today, nor are all the Jews in the world rushing to get back there. But it is apparent that the city represents more to the religion of Judaism than a mere place to live and work. The city of Jerusalem is a spiritual epicenter, and throughout Judaism's long and varied history, this single fact has never changed. Tribal / Pre-Monarchy Judaism's roots lie far back in the beginnings of recorded history. The religion did not spring into existence exactly as it is known today, rather it was pushed and prodded by various environmental factors along the way. One of the first major influences on the religion was the Canaanite nation. Various theories exist as to how and when the people that would later be called Jews entered into this civilization. But regardless of how they ultimately got there, these pioneers of the new faith were subjected to many of the ideas and prejudices of the time. Any new society that finds itself in an existing social situation, can do no more than to try and integrate into that framework. And this is exactly what the Jews did. Early Judaism worshipped multiple gods. One of these gods was known as Ba'al, and was generally thought-of as a ?statue god' with certain limitations on his power. The other primary deity was called YHWH (or

Whats the Minimum SAT Score for College

What's the Minimum SAT Score for College SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Preparing for college applications can feel confusing, overwhelming, and demanding. If you’re nervous about the SAT (or college admissions in general), you may be worried about how low of a test score you can afford to get if you still want a shot at college. You might even be wondering how low of a score on the SAT is even possible. In this article I’ll discuss the lowest possible SAT score and why it’s unlikely to happen to you. I’ll also provide advice on determining the lowest SAT score you can get and still have a reasonable chance at a given school, and what that means in terms of choosing which schools to apply for and what score to aim for.Finally, I’ll discuss some things you can do if your score seems too low for any of the colleges you want to attend. What's the Lowest SAT Score You Can Get? The revised SAT is out of 1600 points. The Math section is worth up to 800 points, and the Reading and Writing tests combine into the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section for the other 800 possible points. The lowest possible score on either section is 200 points. So if you got 200 points on Math and 200 on Evidence-Based Reading and Writing, you’d have 400 points. So the minimum SAT score is 400. For reference, an average score would be around 1000. 400 is the score you would get if you answered zero questions correctly on any of the tests, or if you just left your entire test blank and took a nap. Getting the lowest possible score is not a common occurrence! In previous years fewer people have gotten the lowest possible score in the SAT than have received perfect scores, so it is highly unlikely to happen to you. (Unless you really do leave every question blank, in which case it will definitely happen to you, sorry.) Cute dog. Terrible test-taking strategy. What SAT Score Would You Get if You Guessed Completely Randomly? To underscore how unlikely it is that you would get a 400 making a good faith effort on the SAT, let’s consider the approximate score you would be likely to get if you guessed completely randomly on every question. Multiple-choice questions on the SAT have 4 answer choices, so you have a 25% chance of guessing the correct answer. On the Math free-response questions, known as grid-ins, your chance of randomly guessing the correct answer is low enough that I’m going to round down to 0% and assume if you randomly guessed on those you would get them wrong. The Reading test has 52 questions. Guessing randomly, you could expect to get (.25) x 52 of them correct. That works out to 13. The Writing test has 44 questions. Guessing randomly, you could expect to get 11 of them correct (.25 x 44 = 11). The Math test has 45 multiple choice and 13 grid-ins. Assuming you get 0 points on the grid-ins, you could expect to get (.25) x 45 questions correct, which is about 11. We’ll based our approximate score calculations on theSample Scoring Guide for Practice Test 1. According to this sample scoring guide, 13 correct questions on Reading gives you a â€Å"Reading Test Score† of 19 (out of 40). 11 points on Writing gives you a â€Å"Writing Test Score† of 16 out of 40.Adding up the 19 on Reading and 11 on Writing gives you a 30 out of 80. If we multiply that by 10 we get 300 for the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section score, which is a good margin above the minimum of 200.For Math, 11 correct answers would give you a Math section score of approximately 340; well above the minimum of 200. If we add together the 340 from Math and the 300 from Evidence-Based Reading and Writing we get 640. Even guessing completely randomly and leaving all grid-ins blank, you would get over 200 points higher than the minimumSAT score. Random guessing: another dubious strategy. What's the Lowest SAT Score You Can Have and Still Get Into College? Beyond the lowest possible score, you may want to know what is the minimum SAT score for college admissions.The answer to that is that it depends- mostly on the college in question, but also to a certain extent on your other qualifications. In general, the more selective a school is, the higher your SAT scores will need to be for you to have a chance at admission. For a top-tier school like Harvard or MIT, you’ll need to break 1400 for a shot (and that would be a pretty low-end score for a selective school). For a selective public institution like University of Michigan, you’ll want to hit at least 1300. Less selective public institutions, as well as many small liberal arts colleges, regularly accept applicants in the 950-1050 range. (Note: these score numbers are based off the middle 50% of admitted students for these schools, converted from the old 2400-point SAT scale). Public universities in your state may also accept residents with scores on the lower end of the scale depending on their policies and your other qualifications. For example, for Texas residents, UT Austin guarantees admission to anyone in the top 7% of their graduating high school class, and there are other public Texas universities that assure admission for the top 10%. You may still need to submit test scores for these schools for placement purposes, but low scores won’t keep you from being admitted. Another thing to note is that specialty schools like art schools and music conservatories also often have lower SAT score expectations for their applicants, because student applications are much more heavily weighted towards things like portfolios and performance tapes. The truth is that it’s difficult to pinpoint the absolute lowest score you can get and still have a chance at a particular school because colleges and universities generally admit candidates along a range of test scores. However, you can get an idea. On their admissions websites, most schools provide the test score range for the 25th-75th percentiles of their own admitted student pool- the â€Å"middle 50%.† This is a reliable way to get a decent idea of what kind of score you need to get to be a viable candidate for admission. I would say a score a little below the 25th percentile (think 10 points) is the lowest score you can get and reasonably expect to have any sort of a chance at admission- and even with other strong parts in your application, that score would make the school a reach for you. By contrast, if your score is decently (50+) above the 75th percentile mark, you’re in a great position. Sample Middle 50% Ranges and Low/High Scores Low Score Middle 50% High Score 980 990-1190 1240 1120 1130 - 1260 1310 1190 1200-1360 1410 1290 1300-1430 1480 1310 1320-1470 1520 1360 1370-1520 1570 1390 1400-1580 1600 1420 1430-1590 1600 You might be thinking: if I have a score that’s just below the 25th percentile, doesn’t that mean that people with lower scores than me probably got in? Yes, it does. But there are always outliers- people who had other specific qualifications or strengths that the college was looking for in particular. No doubt you also have unique strengths and talents that you should emphasize in college applications! And if your dream school’s middle 50% is 1100-1300 and your score is 1020, by all means apply to it as a reach school, understanding that the rest of your application will need to be truly stellar for you to have a chance. You should never assume that you are going to be one of the outliers who gets in with an SAT score at the lowest conceivable end of the admit range. That’s why it’s important to apply to a variety of schools, where your score falls in different places relative to the middle 50% of admitted students. Buthow do you go about choosing schools to apply to based on your SAT score? The only choice more significant than where to apply to college is what gelato flavor to enjoy. Choosing Schools to Apply to Based on Your SAT Scores If you’re picking schools to apply to based on an SAT score, you’ll want some that are safety schools, some that are match schools, and some that are reach schools. What does this mean? Well, in general, a safety school is one where you exceed the usual criteria for admission, a match school is one where you meet the usual criteria for admission, and a reach school is one where you fall just under the usual criteria for admission. In terms of test scores and the middle 50% range, a safety school is one where your score well exceeds the middle 50% range (think 50+ points), a match school is one where you fall in within the middle 50%, preferably in the higher end, or just above, and a reach school is one where you fall in the bottom end or just below the middle 50%. Note that even if you got a perfect 1600, highly selective schools like Stanford, the Ivies, etc, are reach schools for everyone simply because admission is so competitive. Let’s go through an example. Say Lupita got a 1290 on her SAT. How should she consider her chances at the following schools she is interested in? Boston College – middle 50% range: 1300-1430 As Lupita’s score is just below the bottom of the mid-50% range for Boston College, we would consider this a reach school. She certainly has a shot at getting in, particularly if her other qualifications are on par with the school’s admits, but her scores would put her in the bottom 25% of admitted students. SUNY-Binghampton – middle 50% range: 1200 - 1360 With a 1290, Lupita is in the higher end of the middle 50% for this school. Assuming her other qualifications (GPA, etc) are similarly placed relative to other admits, this is a good match school for her. SUNY-Albany – middle 50% range: 1090-1240 With a score 50 points above this middle 50% range for SUNY-Albany, Lupita has a great chance of getting in (again, with the caveat that her other qualifications are similarly positioned). This is a good safety school for her. The University of Portland – middle 50% range of 1110-1280 Lupita’s score of 1290 is just 10 points above the middle 50% range for this school. Her score isn’t really high enough to consider the University of Portland a safety school, but this makes it a strong match for Lupita. Of course, there are other factors than test scores in choosing safety, match, and reach schools. Schools also usually provide information about the GPA and class ranks of their admitted students, so you’ll want to consider those factors as well. If you’re on the low end of the middle 50% in test scores, but way on the high end for GPA and class rank, it could be a match school.Unique talents or other interesting qualifications can also go a long way towards mitigating a test score that’s a little on the low end for a particular school. But what if you already have schools in mind, and you haven’t taken the SAT yet? How should you determine what score to aim for? Targets: not just for darts. Choosing a Goal SAT Score Based on Your Dream Schools If you haven’t taken the SAT yet, but you have some schools in mind, you can set a goal score for the SAT. The ideal target score is the highest 75th percentile score for the middle 50% of all the schools you are interested in. This way even if you fall a little short, you’ll still have a great shot at most of the schools on your list. First, you’ll want to make a list of the schools you are considering. Then,look up the middle 50% range of each of the remaining schools on your list. Write down the top number of the middle 50% - the 75th percentile - for each school. You can do this for total score, by section, or both- whatever is most useful for you. There are a couple caveats here: Since the new SAT was just rolled out, all middle 50% scores will be on the old 2400-point scale. You can convert the composite score to get a decent estimate(multiply it by 1600 and then divide that by 2400) but for section scores you can just ignore the writing section, or average critical reading and writing. Next year the data will be on the 1600-point scale and things will be simpler. Also, some schools don’t report all subscores and only resport total scores; this is just something be aware of. Finally, find the highest score in the list of 75th percentile scores. That’s your goal score!Let’s do an example. Say Diego is interested in the following schools: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Indiana University Purdue University University of Chicago Notre Dame University Now we fill out our middle 50% table. (I’ve already converted scores to the 1600-point scale where necessary, and schools where reading and math subscores weren’t reported- in this case, all of them- get an n/a in those columns). Sample Chart: Diego's Target Score Name of College/ University SAT Reading 25th SAT Reading 75th SAT Math 25th SAT Math 75th SAT Composite 25th SAT Composite 75th University of Illinois (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) 1320 1470 Indiana University (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) 1100 1290 Purdue University (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) 1090 1300 University of Chicago (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) 1450 1550 Notre Dame (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) 1400 1530 Target Score: 1550 So, based on his list of schools, Diego’s goal score should be a 1550. If he can score (or beat!) a 1550, he’ll be in a great position. But even if he falls a little short and gets a 1530 or 1540, he'll be in a great position for most of the schools he is interested in. Diego climbing SAT mountain. You may want to use the following table to make your own list: Name of College/ University SAT Reading 25th SAT Reading 75th SAT Math 25th SAT Math 75th SAT Composite 25th SAT Composite 75th Target Score: This method will allow you to calculate a goal SAT score based on schools you are interested in.But what if you take the SAT and when your scores get back, it looks like every school you are interested in is a reach? What should you do then? Based on my SAT Score, Every School I'm Interested in Is a Reach! If you get your SAT scores back and they are a lot lower than you were aiming for, you may be concerned that every school you’re interested in is a reach. Here are seven strategies you could use to address this dilemma. Are you this kitty, stranded halfway up? Don't worry! Prep for the SAT and Take It Again You may have simply been been underprepared for the SAT. In this case, you will need to prepare rigorously and take it again. You might try a targeted, personalized test-prep program like ours, working with prep books (see this article for a guide to the best prep books for the revised SAT), and/or the College Board + Khan Academy SAT practice program. See our guide to the pros and cons of all prep methods. If you have a few months left before your college deadlines, taking the test again is probably your best bet. Take the ACT Instead The ACT and the SAT used to be quite different- enough that students would perform very differently on them. This isn’t as true anymore because the revised SAT is very similar to the ACT. However, if you are particularly scientifically literate, the fact that the ACT has an entire Science section score could help you. Other more minor differences may help you get a slightly higher score on the ACT if you are just hoping for a little boost. Evaluate if You Need Testing Accommodations If you feel you have underperformed on your SAT because you have a medical condition, learning disability, or psychiatric disorder, you may qualify for special testing accommodations. Especially if you are on an IEP or a 504 plan at your school, it is likely that you are both eligible for and would benefit from test accommodations. Bear in mind that this a time-consuming process so you need to request them early! Adjust Your Expectations If you score is too low for all the colleges on your list, look at some less selective colleges. 1350 may be too low for Johns Hopkins, but it’s a solid score for Boston University. There’s a huge universe of colleges out there, and there are probably less selective schools that have the things you are looking for. Apply to Schools That Accept Alternate Scores Some schools will accept AP Exam Scores or SAT Subject Test Scores in lieu of more traditional SAT or ACT exam scores. If you’ve already performed well on AP exams or you feel you could do well on particular Subject Tests, this could be a good strategy for you.Examples of schools that accept alternate tests include: Colorado College- Accepts various combinations of AP, IB, and SAT Subject Test scores in lieu of the ACT/SAT. Colby College - Accepts 3 SAT Subject Tests in lieu of ACT/SAT. Middlebury College - Accepts 3 SAT Subject Tests in lieu of ACT/SAT. Hamilton College - Accepts various combinations of AP, IB, and SAT Subject Test scores in lieu of the ACT/SAT. New York University - Accepts various combinations of AP, IB, and SAT Subject Test scores in lieu of the ACT/SAT. See a more comprehensive list of test-optional and test-flexiblecolleges. Alternate testing schools are so alternative. Apply to Test-Optional Schools Still other colleges have implemented test-optional admissions. This means that, while you can send standardized test scores as a bonus or qualification with your application, they are not required. In this case, your GPA, course records, essay, recommendation letters, and other application materials will be the determining factors in your admission- not your test scores. Though a fairly newfangled notion in college admissions, several high-quality schools have implemented test-optional policies. This seems eminently reasonable in light of the fact that there are some courses of study where you may not take hardly any tests, and certainly not many long, grueling, marathon-style standardized ones. Test-optional schools are a particularly good strategy for applicants who are good students but poor standardized test takers. Schools that are test-optional include: Wake-Forest University, NC Bates College, Maine Wesleyan University, CT Bowdoin College, Maine American University, Washington DC Mt. Holyoke College, MA (women’s college) Sarah Lawrence College, NY (women’s college) Bryn Mawr College, Pennsylvania (women’s college) Smith College, MA (women’s college) See a more comprehensive list of test-optional and test-deemphazised colleges at Fairtest.org. Go to Community College Maybe your score is low enough that even if you lower your expectations, you’re worried there aren’t any schools that will accept you. But you can still pursue higher education! Most local community colleges are open to anyone in the area with a high school diploma or GED. You can start taking classes at a community college and then transfer to a 4-year university upon completion of your associate’s degree; your most recent transcripts in this case will be much more important than your standardized test scores. With these strategies, you’ll be sure to find a college solution that works for you even if your test scores don’t seem stellar. Key Takeaways The lowest possible SAT score is 400 on a 1600-point scale, but you’re very unlikely to get this score unless you leave every question on the test blank. How low your score can be for college applications depends on what colleges you are applying to. More selective schools will expect higher scores, while many local public universities and small liberal arts schools will accept scores on the lower end of the scale. There are colleges that accept low SAT scores. Based on your scores, you should select safety, match, and reach schools to apply to. If you haven’t taken the SAT yet, you can also figure out a goal score based on schools you are already interested in. If your score seems too low for any school you’re interested in, there are several things you could do: Retake the SAT Take the ACT Figure out if you need testing accommodations Apply to less selective schools Apply to test-alternative or test-optional schools Go to community college (a great option if you are worried that your scores are too low, period.) So what is the minimum SAT score for college? My final answer is that there’s really no SAT score too low for higher education- you may just need to take an alternative path to get there! There are lots of ways to get where you want to go! What's Next? Struggling with a low SAT score? We've got some tips on improving lower section scores forReading, Writing, and Math. If you have low standardized test scores but a high GPA, here are some prep strategies specifically for you. Looking for colleges? Here are colleges with guaranteed admissions thresholds for certain test scores.Or see our guide to researching colleges. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today!

Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Film - Essay Example iewiczs and was an ingenious way of attacking Hearst the newspaper mogul through an evolution character Foster Kane, and focuses on a fierce duel to expose dirty under deals of a society that was suffering from social morals and integrity among many leaders and business executives. The film satires and portrays the rise of the penny press, the power of political heavy weights, rise of fascism, support for a Spanish –American war, and the growth in space for celebrity journalism. The film aims at revealing the burial truth about Kane (Rudolf Hearst), a highly regarded lord and ruler of San Simeon against a young brilliant and ambitious boy who is determined to take Hearst down by exposing his dirty deals involving Hollywood and newspaper publications. Consequently, Hearst with all his power and might goes ahead to shut the film down, and even teams up with the some Hollywood executives under the leadership of Mayor B. Louis who at a any cost attempted to buy Citizen Kane from Welles to destroy it and protect Hearst’s reputation, characteristic of any respected leader in the American society. The story thus pitted two proud, destructive, and gifted geniuses against each other, leading to destruction of each other to what the Producer Lennon Thomas remarked, "The fight that ruined them both was thoroughly in character with how theyd lived their lives"Â  (WBGH, 2009). The war between the two daring old wealthy and respected newspaper magnate Hearst and a 24 year old yet ambitious and determined news reporter ended destroying each other. However, Welles drove the point home after a long freeze of the film by Hollywood; Hearst incidentally built his vast empire selling papers with highly entertaining stories, which were scandalous to others, and sometimes were pure fiction. The ruthless, skillful and open contempt for Hollywood thus led to the success of Welles, and in 1942, the film though named for seven categories lost all but the best screenplay after which the

How do we identify trends in physical properties Ionic Compounds Lab Report

How do we identify trends in physical properties Ionic Compounds - Lab Report Example Ideally, the alkali metal or metals will donate an electron that will be added to the electron cloud of the halogen atom. At the molecular level, brittle crystals will form because the placement of ionic charges requires a precise positive/negative juxtapositioning. Physical deformation risks associating a positive with a positive and negative with a negative, generating repellant charges that cancel the bonding tendency, thus, the salt crystal shatters, whereas covalent bonds involving a more cooperative distribution of electrons are much more likely to withstand the same level of deformation. On the other hand, the structure of an ionic lattice tends towards a far higher melting and boiling point than for covalent forms. The heightened charges allow for electrical conductive when melted, but those same charges also allow for solubility in water or other polar liquids, but not in nonpolar liquids such as most lipid-based oils. SOLUBILITY OF IONIC COMPOUNDS IN WATER BASED ON CHARGES PRESENT Ionic compounds, typically salts dissolve easily in aqueous solution. Solubility is the result of an attraction between negative, and positive charges among the ions present. In simple sodium chloride the salt's positive ions (Na+) attract the partially-negative oxygens found in water. In addition, the salt's negative ions (Cl?) attract the partially-positive hydrogens in H2O. The Solubility constant (Ksp) and the common ion effect determine how much salt can potentially be dissolved within that solution. It is simply a matter of whether the ions in the water itself have a greater affinity for the ions in the compound than those ions do for each other. In general, the following rules provide a basis for predicting solubility: Ionic compounds with group 1A metal cations. Nitrates are soluble regardless of the cation. In terms of how soluble a given compound is, based on the available data, it is reasonable to assume that size; more to the point, atomic radii is a decisive fac tor. Moving down an elemental series on the periodic table, the larger atomic numbers appear to be less soluble in water. This is due to the larger sizes of atoms involved, in which the available charge that might be available to the ions in water is more â€Å"insulated† by the larger distances involved. Thus, with less charge within reach of either ion present in a molecule of water, the largest ions are less soluble. (Clark, 2002). Otherwise, the available data with the nine ions indicates an increase in conductivity as concentration throughout the solution increases. In terms of experimental design, graphs can be computed displaying the curve of each ion made as it increases in concentration and the accompanying increase in conductance. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY BASED ON QUANTITY OF DISSOLVED IONS IN SOLUTIONS With an increase in the number of charged ions in an aqueous solution, electrical conductivity will certainly increase. When ionic compounds break down, they will dis solve into both negatively and positively charged ions, which are of course attracted to the oppositely charged electric particle or current. Covalent compounds will dissociate into neutral ions which will not conduct electricity and should therefore have no consequence for aqueous electrical conductivity. Therefore, there is an inevitable correlation between electrical conductance and the actual quantity of ions present in the water. In terms of

Bioremediation Procedures of Crude Oil Impacted Soil Essay

Bioremediation Procedures of Crude Oil Impacted Soil - Essay Example Some features of the spill location show the characteristics usually associated with a priority spill of toxic substance; a spill that seeps down through the subsurface strata and then comes into contact and interaction with the groundwater.   The entire description of the ecosystem and environment where the spill occurred is a rather complex question. Map inferences and a consultation of the USGS Ground Water Atlas infer that the contamination would, because of the largely rural character, spread more readily through the food chain and have a greater impact than when such a spill would occur in predominantly non-rural locations. This is by reason of the greater saturation possible where a rural area presents less paved and therefore sealed off superficial surface runoff, situations.   First, the groundwater flow direction is determined by drilling two or more wells. A non-toxic stain is made to suggest the velocity of groundwater flow, and the testing reveals the contaminant character and concentration. This site today has well upwards of 75 wells that all have data that is constantly changing. Concentrations that are available for wells 604b (years: 1987, 90, 92, 93 and 95); 532c (1986, 87, 88, 90, 92, 93, 95), would be fairly good indicators of both groundwater flow direction and extent of contamination spread because they are separated by a reasonable distance and lie   in the line of predominant groundwater flow. The contaminants recorded are: benzene, toluene; m, p-Xylene; o-Xylene; isopropylbenzene; and Dissolved oxygen, and are parameters which can suggest the effectiveness of the bioremediation. The idea is that aerobic rather than anaerobic processes are predominant. The rationale for this is that where the contaminant concentrations go to zero the Dissolved oxygen concentration increases.

Competitive Advantages of Germany

Competitive Advantages of Germany Aerosil is a fumed silica product developed in 1942 by Degussa AG in Germany. The scientific name of fumed silica is Colloidial Silicon Dioxide. It is pure silicon dioxide, made from vaporized silicon tetrachloride, oxidized in high-temperature flame with H2 and O2. Aggregated amorphous nano-sized primary particle gives free flow to powder materials. It gives thickening effect and thixotropy by dispersing to liquid materials. Standard hydrophilic products are made of primary particles from 7 nm to 40 nm, and also these products are surface modified to hydrophobic. As of September, 2007 what was Degussa is now the chemicals business area of the new Evonik industries. Right from the start of the business activities for AEROSIL ® fumed silica, Evonik followed Degussas philosophy for success to combine tradition and progress. In 1942 an idea became reality. Degussa invented the fumed silica as a replacement for carbon-black, which was manufactured from oil, to counteract the shortage of resources. At that time, the trade name AEROSIL ® was invented and protected. Today AEROSIL ® is a synonym for fumed silica and Evonik is globally present with more than 100 sales offices in 95 countries and over 1000 highly motivated employees. They have eight production plants and applied technology laboratories in Germany, China, Japan, Thailand and the USA, enabling them to stay close to their customers. They are not only known for their extensive product line with it ´s wide variety of grades, but are also market leaders with their highly specialized quality and environmentally-conscious technologies. Without AEROSIL ® fumed silica many everyday things would no longer be conceivable. AEROSIL ® fumed silica is found, for example, in buildings with earthquake-proof foundations, in silicon sealants for bath tubs, in yacht production, as insulation material for Ceran ® stove tops, or in paints that without AEROSIL ® products would be difficult to use. They have over sixty years experience in this specialty field and are continually optimizing their product line and technical services with great flexibility according to the needs of their customers. Evoniks close contacts with the industries that use their products, as well as to their suppliers, allow them to develop new innovative products for existing applications, as well as new applications for established products. Due to the continuous expansion of Evoniks worldwide production capacities, they are able to supply their customers with the right products in the desired quality and quantity throughout the world. Close cooperation and partnership with the customers is one of Evoniks top priorities. gm Industry History The shortage of raw materials and resources on our planet has been a hotly debated topic for several decades. The black gold in particular inspired many to become active researchers. Degussa were also enthusiastic about the idea of one day finding a substitute for oil. This is why, in 1941, they began to develop a white filling material for the tire industry as a substitute for industrial carbon black, which, up to then, could only be produced from oil. Just twelve months on, having created high-temperature flame hydrolysis, they succeeded in producing the first ultrafine-particle pyrogenic silica. Their vision became reality and the brand known as AEROSIL ® was born. dr, harry This success story took its course, and in 1966, an important foothold was established in Asia with the building of the Nippon Aerosil production plant in Yokkaichi, Japan. In 1976, the same step was taken westwards when the production of AEROSIL ® began at the new Degussa plant in Mobile, Alabama/USA. More than 60 years of experience, development and research have by now made AEROSIL ® the most frequently used brand for the creation, modification and characterization of surface effects.Chemistry_by_Ekspertiza.jpg APPLICATIONS OF AEROSIL ® More than 60 years of experience in the production, modification and application of fumed silica provide a sound basis for continuously enhancing these products. Evonik strive to meet the increasing demands of existing and new areas of application. Their objective is to fully satisfy customers expectations now and in the future. AEROSIL ® Fumed Silica makes use of the smallest of things. The smallest particles of some AEROSIL ® grades measure no more than seven nanometers a human hair is 3,000 times thicker. So small, yet so great: The smaller the particles, the greater their effect and range of applications. AEROSIL ® optimizes some factors whish are given below : paints and coatings catalysts airbags silicone sealants in the car, sanitary and electronics sectors sealing inserts, e.g. for covering crown cork printing inks creams, lotions, gels deodorants paper properties chemical dowels unsaturated polyester resins light bulbs and fluorescent tubes toners for photocopying machines silicone profiles shoe soles putty dental composites 2-component mortar marine paints structure adhesives for the production of rotor blades in wind power plants the disability of active substances in tablets The advantages of AEROSIL ® Fumed Silica in different industries : Adhesives Sealants Batteries Food Glass Paints Coatings Personal Care Pharmaceuticals, Plastics ,Silicones , Toners Product Line AEROSIL ® is an extremely versatile product. In order to find the AEROSIL ® grade with the right characteristics for the application, they have grouped the various AEROSIL ® types by Raw Material Method of Production. Not only are these, but also the behavior with water, whether hydrophilic or hydrophobic, crucial for the final application. AEROSIL ® grade could be found to solve problem in one of the following categories: Hydrophilic Fumed Silica Hydrophobic Fumed Silica Fumed Mixed Oxides Hydrophilic Fumed Metal Oxides Special Hydrophobic Silicas and Hydrophobic Metal Oxides Special Granulated Fumed Silicas Dispersions competitive-analysis_clip_image010.jpg Competitive Strategy To decide the competitive strategy there are two deciding factors. These are: industry structure and positioning within industry. Industry Structure Porters 5 forces analysis Porters 5 forces analysis is an analysis skeleton for industry analysis and business strategy development which was founded by by Michael E. Porter of Harvard Business School in 1979 . It uses concepts developed in Industrial Organization (IO) economics to derive 5 forces that determine the competitive intensity and therefore attractiveness of a market. Attractiveness in this context refers to the overall industry profitability. untitled Figure 01: Porters five forces analysis Porters Five Forces include three forces from horizontal competition: threat of substitute products, the threat of established rivals, and the threat of new entrants; and two forces from vertical competition: the bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of customers The threat of substitute products The existence of close substitute products increases the propensity of customers to switch to alternatives in response to price increases. But there are no substitutes for fumed silica. Thats why there is no threat of substitute products. The threat of the entry of new competitors As the business of fumed silica is very lucrative; thus, results in many new entrants, which will effectively decrease profitability. But there are some barriers to enter this industry and those are given below : The existence of barriers to entry In 1942, Degussa invented the fumed silica as a replacement for carbon-black, that was manufactured from oil, to counteract the shortage of resources. At that time, the trade name AEROSIL ® was invented and protected. Today AEROSIL ® is a synonym for fumed silica. Economies of product differences With a sales volume of nearly 1.8 million metric tons a year (2004), sales revenues of approximately à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1,071 million (2005) and a staff of 530, Evonik is the largest chemical manufacturer at the Marl Chemical plant. Capital requirements: Due to heavy investment in setting up the plant and thw production process, a very few wants to enter to this industry. The intensity of competitive rivalry- For most industries, this is the major determinant of the competitiveness of the industry. Number of competitors: There are only two substitute product for fumed silica and those are: Cab-o-sil and HDK, these rivals compete in non-price dimensions such as innovation, marketing, etc. Exit barriers: As the initial investment is high and the cost of swithiching to other manufacturing product is also very high, so the exit barrier is also high. Competitors are here to stay. Positioning Within Industry AEROSIL ® grades of Evonik have gained competitive advantages because of its cost leadership and the quality it offers. To compete internationally Evonik has adopted the global strategy approach driven by the principle think global, act local. Fumed silica grades are sold internationally under one brand, AEROSIL ® and one target audience, that is the business consumers. 683px-Schematicy-atom.svg.png Porters Diamond Model Germany possesses comparative advantage in producing AEROSIL ® fumed silica. Germany has the ability to produce the AEROSIL ® fumed silica at a lower opportunity cost. The comparative advantage of Germany in the production of fumed silica is described by the Maichael Porters Diamond Model as followed: Untitled-1_clip_image002 Figure 02 : Porters Diamond model Factor Conditions- refers to inputs used as factors of production such as labor, land, natural resources, capital and infrastructure. Porter argues that the key factors of production are created, not inherited. Specialized factors of production are skilled labor, capital and infrastructure. Human Resources With over 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous country in the European Union Germany has the best qualified workforce in Europe. Above all, the German chemical industry has traditionally regarded the training and continuous upgrading of employees ´ qualifications as being very important. This is because a well trained workforce is the precondition for the operation of highly specialized high-tech facilities, production of innovative chemical products, and high productivity. Well trained employees also mean fewer accidents with minimal downtimes as one result. The chemical parks often have training centers on-site to ensure that employees theoretical and practical knowledge is kept up to date. Many chemical parks help companies located there to recruit qualified employees. A well qualified workforce and ongoing training are important factors. Another factor which contributes to the success of chemical companies based in Germany is the high degree of identification of employees with their company. Highly motivated, they remain faithful to their companies, and staff turnover is low. The advantage: employees gather valuable expertise and experience, which in turn ensures smooth operations and contributes to economic success. Employees high degree of identification with their companies also involves the stable and consensus-oriented partnership which characterizes the relationship between chemical companies and trade unions in Germany. The result speaks for itself: Germany is the country with the lowest number of strikes in Europe. But the mai n problem from Germanys point of view is that the cost of labor and raw materials are very high. And that is the reason why German industries mainly shifted their manufacturing plants to the countries where labor is cheaper. They have a market all over the world. The people who are engaged, either directly or indirectly in this industry account for approximately 27 percent of the total work force and produce more than 14 percent of Germanys total manufacturing output. Physical Resources The main raw material for fumed silica Most of the countrys products are in engineering, especially in automobiles, machinery, metals, and chemical goods. Germany is the leading producer of wind turbines and solar power technology in the world. Knowledge resources It is very important for a country to have a RD sectors and specialized institution so that they can provide more specialized knowledge for them. Germany has very good and sophisticated research centers that are essential to do extensive research to innovate new product. And that is the reason why they are famous world wide. Infrastructure- With its central position in Europe, Germany is an important transportation hub. This is reflected in its dense and modern transportation networks. Probably most famous is the extensive motorway (Autobahn) network that ranks worldwide third largest in its total length and features a lack of blanket speed limits on the majority of routes. Shipyard_at_dawn_by_le_feu.jpg Demand Conditions Porter argues that a sophisticated domestic market is an important element to producing competitiveness. Firms that face a sophisticated domestic market are likely to sell superior products because the market demands high quality and a close proximity to such consumers enables the firm to better understand the needs and desires of the customers. The issues that affect demand conditions: Sophisticated and demanding buyers The home market of the Germanys chemical product demand very high quality product. High Product Quality is the essential prerequisite for their business success. One guarantee is the global quality management system for AEROSIL ® products, which monitors and supports production. The Product Safety department maintains product registration and the supporting MSDS, safety-specific and toxicological data to ensure the safe and legal use of our products. Anticipatory buyers need German Chemical industries saw that their demand in the home market is enormous. They saw the scope for more demands in the other markets of the world. German chemical industry itself is in their different manufacturing units around the world. They are expanding their demand for chemical in the whole world. Related Supporting Industry Porter also argues that a set of strong related and supporting industries is important to the competitiveness of firms. This includes suppliers and related industries. German Chemical industry also needs to have close relationship, joint innovation with suppliers, complementary products, sharing same technology with their related and supported industries to sustain its competitive advantage. Close Relationshipasdf.jpg Evonik is an active partner of the most important transaction platforms in the chemical industry. In close cooperation with ELEMICA they have built up connections to their customers on the base of the ChemXML standards. ELEMICA is the platform for the raw material providers to the chemical industry and CC-Chemplorer, the purchasing platform for engineering goods and consumption material. VMI Vendor System VMI is a further step to improve customer convenience. Mostly with silos and tanks the supplier takes care that a customer never lacks raw material. Advanced sensor technology is capable to communicate directly with the ERP-system of the supplier. Together with their IT-partners they are prepared to design and implement the appropriate connection. Firms Strategy, Structure Rivalry In Porters study, it is found that the dynamism and pressure created by a vibrant local industry was perhaps the single most important stimulus to innovation and upgrading in an industry-a result that held independent of country size. Domestic rivalry provides an essential motivation for firms to make the investments and take the risks necessary to generate competitive advantage. Domestic rivalry is more important than competition with foreign firms because proximity speeds information and improves incentives to compete. Domestic competition negates basic factor advantages and forces firms to develop higher order (more sophisticated) and ultimately more sustainable advantages. In the chemical industry of Germany there exists an environment featuring a strong supply chain management, sophisticated demand from the domestic users, and an intensely competitive neighborhood with companies like BASF, Industries, Wacker Chemie. Sources of Creating Competitive Advantagesertyre.jpg It has gained competitive advantages due to several reasons and those are discussed below: New Technology Degussa invented the fumed silica in a substitute of carbon black. So AEROSIL ® has the competitive advantages as the inventor of fumed silica. Shifting Buyer Needs from Carbon Black to Fumed Silica As a replacement of carbon black, fumed silica has been used by the industries. The buyer needs had been shifted to the fumed silica from carbon black. Input Cost or Availability The raw materials needed for producing fumed silica is locally produced. Evonik is an active partner of the most important transaction platforms in the chemical industry. In close cooperation with ELEMICA they have built up connections to their customers on the base of the ChemXML standards. ELEMICA is the platform for the raw material providers to the chemical industry and CC-Chemplorer, the purchasing platform for engineering goods and consumption material. Strength_Is_Weakness_by_crazeemunkee0105.jpg SWOT Analysis A scan of the internal and external environment is an important part of the strtegic planning process. Environmental factors internal to the firm usually can be classified as strngths(S) or weakness(W), and those external to the firm can be classified as oppertunities (O), or threats(T). Such analysis of the strategic environment is refered to as a SWOT analysis. The strengths , weaknesses, opportunity and threats for AEROSIL ®: Strengths Evoniks strengths in producing AEROSIL ® fumed silica are its resources and capabilities that can be used as a basis for developing the competitive advantage. The strengths include: Patent Strong Brand Name- AEROSIL ® Good reputation among customers Exclusive access to the natural resources Extensive distribution channel Weakness The absence of certain strengths results in weaknesses for Evonik. As it enjoys an advantage of huge production capacity and a large manufacturing plant, but it may result into weakness as it employs a large pull of capital. It also prevents the firm from reacting quickly to the changes in strategic planning. Opportunity The external environmental analysis may reveal certain new opportunity for profit and growth. The opportunity for Evoniks AEROSIL ® fumed silica includes: Arrival of new technology from the continuous research Removal of international trade barriers Economic integrations Threats Changes in the external factors may result into threats for the firm and those are: Entry of new competitor Innovation of new substitute product werwer.jpg Pest Analysis PEST analysis stands for Political, Economic, Social, and Technological analysis and describes a framework of macro environmental factors used in the environmental scanning component of strategic management. It is a part of the external analysis when conducting a strategic analysis or doing market research and gives a certain overview of the different macro environmental factors that the company has to take into consideration. It is a useful strategic tool for understanding market growth or decline, business position, potential and direction for operations. The growing importance of environmental or ecological factors in the first decade of the 21st century have given rise to green business and encouraged widespread use of an updated version of the PEST framework. Political Analysis Political situation is a very significant external factor for the development of an industry. It is only through proper policies of the government added with incentives, subsidies and promotions that an industry can flourish. In Germany, government has taken several initiatives to promote the chemical industry. German chemical industry is doing very well in a global arena because they are getting support from their favorable government policies and terms conditions for increasing their productivity and constant innovativeness. Following reasons influence in this regard: Political stability Legal framework for contract enforcement Intellectual property protection Trade regulations tariffs Favored trading partners Pricing regulations Taxation tax rates and incentives Wage legislation minimum wage and overtime Economic Analysis The economic analysis is often used as a generic orientation tool, finding out where an organization or product is in the context of what is happening outside that will at some point effect what is happening inside an organization. The home economy situation is very vital to the growth of the industry. Economic factors affect the purchasing power of potential customers and the firms cost of capital. Germany is the largest national economy in Europe and the third largest by nominal GDP ($3.22 trillion) in the world and also ranked fifth by GDP. This is a very stable and favorable economic condition for a country to be internationally competitive. Following reasons influence in this regard: Government intervention in the free market Comparative advantages of host country Exchange rates stability of host country currency Efficiency of financial markets Infrastructure quality Skill level of workforce Economic growth rate Unemployment rate Inflation rate Interest rates Social Analysis The social analysis is used as a generic orientation tool, finding out where an organization or product is in the context of what is happening outside that will at some point effect what is happening inside an organization. The analysis headings are a framework for reviewing a situation, and can also be used to review a strategy or position, direction of a company. German Chemical industry always looks at the social factors to manufacture products. These factors affect customer needs and the size of potential markets. Some social factors include: health consciousness population growth rate age distribution career attitudes emphasis on safety Demographics Class structure Education Culture Attitudes Leisure interests Technology Analysis The technological analysis is often used within a strategic SWOT analysis. The technology analysis is often used as a generic orientation tool, finding out where an organization or product is in the context of what is happening outside that will at some point effect what is happening inside an organization. Technological factors can lower barriers to entry, reduce minimum efficient production levels, and influence outsourcing decisions German Chemical industry is doing well because their country has resources of high technology. Some technological factors include: Research Development (RD) activity automation technology incentives rate of technological change Recent technological developments Technologys impact on product offering Impact on cost structure Sustaining Competitive Advantagesustain.jpg As Evonik has created competitive advantages in producing AEROSIL ® fumed silica, it has quite a few factors to sustain competitive advantage. Nature of Sources of Competitive Advantage- Higher Order Advantage The advantages that Evonik possess for AEROSIL ® fumed silica is hard to replicate by the competitors. As Evonik possesses the exclusive right to produce AEROSIL ® fumed silica, no other can produce the exact fumed silica grades that we produce. Number of Distinct Sources of Advantages Extensive World Dealer Network Only AEROSIL ® products are offered from eight production sites distributed around the globe, supported by applied technology, research, commercial and technical service offices on three continents. This has established us as a committed service provider and competent advisor. AEROSIL ® production plants, technical service centers, research centers and commercial and technical service offices are located in Europe, North America and Asia with more than 100 sales offices in 95 countries to serve customworldwidehttp://www.aerosil.com/pub/NR/rdonlyres/2C62F50C-39FB-47B9-9F1F-82C9FAB46A6C/0/aerosilLocations.gif Brand Name AEROSIL ® has become the synonym for fumed silica. So, Evonik enjoys the strength from the brand name itself. Technical Service While typical inquiries can be answered by the local sales staff and distributors, a highly qualified technical consultancy service is also available to their customers. To this end, they support their customers by maintaining a network of experienced applied technology experts specialized in key industries on three continents. Constant Improvement Upgrading Research is the future. Or more precisely: Investment in the future. The work of scientists today forms the basis for the business successes of tomorrow. This principle is nothing new for AEROSIL ® products. It has been an established tradition for more than 60 years now. The outstanding research and development departments have made them one of the most frequently sought after contacts worldwide for the generation, modification and characterization of pyrogenic oxides, as well as for the performance effects they bring. 1941 Development of high-temperature hydrolysis for the production of pyrogenic silica 1942 Development of the first industrial production process in Rheinfelden, awarding of the first patent 1943 AEROSIL ® is registered as a trademark for Degussas pyrogenic silica 1953 Production of aluminum oxides using the AEROSIL ® method 1954 Production of pyrogenic titanium oxides 1963 Commercial production of the first hydrophobic types, AEROSIL ® R 972 and AEROSIL ® R 974 1986 Development of a further chemical after treatment technology; hydrophobizing method completed. AEROSIL ® R 805, R 812 and R 202 launched 1992 Launch of the first structure-modified hydrophobic product AEROSIL ® R 8200 First fully-integrated production location for AEROSIL ® in Waterford, USA. 32423.jpg Recommendation Evonik should not necessarily pursue the more lucrative opportunities; rather it may have a better chance of developing competitive advantages by identify a fit between strengths and upcoming opportunities. In order to overcome the threats from the external environment, it should get prepared itself to pursue a compelling opportunity. 2. Format and Style The format and style of the final report is similar to that required of a technical paper with the following requirement: Cover page Microsoft Office Word A4 page setup 1.5 line spacing Point 12 Times New Roman font 1 inch page margin

A Formalistic Analysis of The Fatal Sisters Essay -- The Fatal Sisters

A Formalistic Analysis of The Fatal Sisters  Ã‚      In â€Å"The Fatal Sisters† Thomas Gray has created a monologue pregnant with references to history, geography, and mythology. These reappearing references and allusions enrich the text, as they allow a closer look at the political situation surrounding eleventh century Britain.   The poems’ sixteen stanzas exhibit an ABAB rhyme scheme, which provides for systematic organization and positive aesthetic effects.   Closer examination of the setting, tone, and imagery of the poem permits insight into the text’s content and artistic genius. The setting for â€Å"The Fatal Sisters† is an eleventh century, war-ridden Ireland.   The nation’s fate appears to rest upon the shoulders of a few bloodthirsty monarchs who are entangled in a never-ending conflict.   Their massive armies wage battle after battle and therefore tint Britain’s outlook upon society and its future.   It is at such a troublesome time that twelve mysterious women are observed to â€Å"weave the web of war† and in such a way create the future of their nation.   This very day is ironically...

Economics and monopoly introduction Essay

Characteristics: Single seller: One firm produces all the output of a particular product No close substitutes: Product is unique and if consumers want to buy it they must buy from the monopolist. Price maker: Since the monopolist is the sole supplier of the product, it can change the price by changing output. The firm faces a downward sloping demand curve, so increasing output lowers the price, decreasing output increases the price. The firm will set a price that maximizes its profits. Blocked entry: Entry to the market is totally blocked, meaning the firm has no immediate competitors. Barriers to entry may be economies of scale, legal, technological or another type. Nonprice competition: Since it has no competitors a monopolist cannot compete on price. Therefore, to attract new consumers the firm must engage in non-price competition such as advertising and public relations campaigns to promote its product’s attributes. Examples of Monopolies? www. welkerswikinomics. com 3 Unit 2. 3. 3 Pure Monopoly Monopoly Demand as seen by a Monopolist. Three assumptions: 1) Entry is totally blocked 2) The monopolist is unregulated by any government so can charge whatever price it wants. 3) The firm is a single price seller. It sells all units of output at the same price. †¢ A monopolist faces a downward sloping Demand curve. The firm D curve is the market D curve! †¢ A monopolist can sell additional output only by lowering its price (due to the law of demand). †¢ A monopolist must lower the price of all of its output, not just the marginal units, since it is a single-price seller. †¢ As a result, as output increases, the firm’s marginal revenue falls faster than the price. www. welkerswikinomics. com 4 Unit 2. 3. 3 Pure Monopoly Monopoly Demand as seen by a Monopolist Demand and Marginal Revenue Q 0 1 P1 2 3 4 5 P2 6 7 8 9 P3 10 P 172 162 152 142 132 122 112 102 92 82 72 TR=PxQ) 0 162 304 426 528 610 672 714 736 738 720 Demand and MR for a Monopolist P MR=? TR/? Q P1 P2 P3 D=AR=P Q1 Q2 Q3 Q MR Based on the above graph, over which range of output would a monopolist NEVER produce? Why? What information is needed to determine the profit maximizing level of output for this monopolist? www. welkerswikinomics. com 5 Unit 2. 3. 3 Pure Monopoly Monopoly Demand as seen by a Monopolist Elasticity and the monopoly Demand curve: †¢ Identify the elastic range of the demand curve. †¢ Identify the inelastic range of the demand curve. P Demand and MR PED>1 P1 PED=1 Question: Why won’t a monopolist ever produce at a level of output where it is in the inelastic range of its demand curve?

Journal Writing in the Elementary Classroom

Journal Writing in the Elementary Classroom An effective Journal Writing program doesnt mean you just sit back and relax while your kids write about whatever they want. You can use well-chosen journal topics, classical music, and checklists to make the most of your students daily writing time. In my third grade classroom, students write in journals every day for about 20 minutes. Each day, after read-aloud time, the kids go back to their desks, pull out their journals, and start writing! By writing every day, the students gain fluency while getting a chance to practice important punctuation, spelling, and style skills in context. Most days, I give them a specific topic to write about. On Fridays, the students are so excited because they have free write, which means they get to write about whatever they want! Many teachers let their students write about whatever they want every day. But, in my experience, student writing can tend to get silly with a lack of focus. This way, students stay focused on a particular theme or topic. Journal Writing Tips To start, try this list of my favorite journal writing prompts. Engaging Topics I try to come up with interesting topics that are fun for the kids to write about. You can also try your local teacher supply store for topics or check out a kids books of questions. Just like adults, children are more likely to write in a lively and engaging manner if they are entertained by the topic. Play Music While the students are writing, I play soft classical music. Ive explained to the kids that classical music, especially Mozart, makes you smarter. So, every day, they want to be really quiet so that they can hear the music and get smarter! The music also sets a serious tone for productive, quality writing. Create a Checklist After each student finishes writing, he or she consults a small checklist that is pasted into the inside cover of the journal. The student makes sure that he or she has included all of the important elements for a journal entry. The kids know that, every so often, I will collect the journals and grade them on their latest entry. They dont know when I will collect them so they need to be on their toes. Writing Comments When I collect and grade the journals, I staple one of these small checklists to the corrected page so that the students can see which points they received and which areas need improvement. I also write a short note of comment and encouragement to each student, inside their journals, letting them know that I enjoyed their writing and to keep up the great work. Sharing Work During the last few minutes of Journal time, I ask for volunteers that would like to read their journals out loud to the class. This is a fun sharing time where the other students need to practice their listening skills. Often, they spontaneously start clapping when a classmate has written and shared something really special. As you can see, theres much more to Journal Writing than just setting your students loose with a blank pad of paper. With proper structure and inspiration, children will come to cherish this special writing time as one of their favorite times of the school day. Have fun with it! Edited By: Janelle Cox

Mary Osgood Biography

Mary Osgood Biography Known for:  accused of witchcraft, arrested and imprisoned in the 1692  Salem witch trials Age at time of Salem witch trials:  about 55 Dates:  about 1637 to October 27, 1710 Also known as: Mary Clements Osgood, Clements was also written as Clement Before the Salem Witch Trials We have little information other than basic civil records for Mary Osgood before 1692. She was born in in Warwickshire, England and came to Andover, Massachusetts province in about 1652. In 1653, she married John Osgood Sr. who had been born in Hampshire, England and arrived in Massachusetts about 1635.  John Osgood owned considerable land in Andover and was a successful husbandman. They had 13 children together: John Osgood Jr. (1654-1725), Mary Osgood Aslett (1656-1740), Timothy Osgood (1659-1748), Lydia Osgood Frye (1661-1741), Constable Peter Osgood (1663-1753), Samuel Osgood (1664-1717), Sarah Osgood (1667-1667), Mehitable Osgood Poor (1671-1752), Hannah Osgood (1674-1674), Sarah Osgood Perley (1675-1724), Ebenezer Osgood (1678-1680), Clarence Osgood (1678-1680), and Clements Osgood (1680-1680). Accused and Accuser Mary Osgood was one of a group of Andover women arrested in early September, 1692. According to a petition after the trials were over, two of the afflicted girls were summoned to Andover to diagnose an illness of Joseph Ballard and his wife.  Local residents, including Mary Osgood, were blindfolded and then made to lay hands on the afflicted. If the girls fell down in fits, they were arrested.  Mary Osgood, Martha Tyler, Deliverance Dane, Abigail Barker, Sarah Wilson, and Hannah Tyler were taken to Salem Village, immediately examined there, and pressured to confess.  Most did.  Mary Osgood confessed to afflicting Martha Sprague and Rose Foster as well as various other deeds. She implicated others including Goody Tyler (either Martha or Hannah), Deliverance Dane, and Goody Parker.  She also implicated Rev. Francis Dean who was never arrested. Motives for Her Arrest She was accused with a group of women from Andover. They may have been targeted because of their wealth, power, or success in town, or because of association with Rev. Francis Dane (his daughter-in-law Deliverance Dane was in the group arrested and examined together). Fight for Release Her son, Peter Osgood, was a constable who, with Mary’s husband, Captain John Osgood Sr., helped pursue her case and get her released. On October 6, John Osgood Sr. joined with Nathaniel Dane, husband of Deliverance Dane, to pay 500 pounds for the release of two children of Nathaniel’s sister, Abigail Dane Faulkner.  On October 15, John Osgood Sr. and John Bridges paid a bond of 500 pounds for the release of Mary Bridges Jr. In January, John Osgood Jr. joined again with John Bridges, paying a bond of 100 pounds, for release of Mary Bridges Sr. In a petition, undated but probably from January, more than 50 Andover neighbors signed on behalf of Mary Osgood, Eunice Fry, Deliverance Dane, Sarah Wilson Sr., and Abigail Barker, attesting to their likely innocence and their integrity and piety. The petition stressed that their confessions were made under pressure and were not to be trusted. In June of 1703, another petition was entered on behalf of Martha Osgood, Martha Tyler, Deliverance Dane, Abigail Barker, Sarah Wilson, and Hannah Tyler to gain their exoneration. After the Trials In 1702, Mary Osgood’s son, Samuel, married Deliverance Dane’s daughter Hannah. Marty was later released from jail, probably on bond, and died in 1710.

The Wolseley Restaurant Business Plan Case Study

The Wolseley Restaurant Business Plan - Case Study Example The Wolseley provides accessible and low-cost foods to customers with the best quality, delicious coffee-based products and also entertainment opportunities to the hundreds of people in the area and the visitors of the hotels which are in a five-mile radius distance of the restaurant. The Wolseley has established itself as one of the best choices of London residents and also for the tourists and the people cities who come from nearby cities. The Wolseley restaurant provides a "complete and best-quality" afternoon experience for people looking for something that will become popular among London diners in a short time. The caf has simple intent. It provides a completely pleasurable, fleshly, yet casual coffeehouse and/or eating experience for many people in London and the people from other cities or tourists.  Customer services: The customers spend their money to enjoy a good time. They would have a bad experience if the services are not of the highest quality. Each of the staffs at Wolseley is supposed to be gracious, effective, and thoughtful.Marketing strategy: The Wolseley targets its audience in many effective ways. The location of the restaurant is in an accessible area of the city but many customers will need to be familiar with the products and services offered at the Wolseley restaurant/caf. Management techniques: The Wolseley has a firm appreciation on food, drinks, and labor costs. The eating/amusement/coffee-house experience for customers is delivered to them in a state that will not only inspire them to visit the restaurant again but encourages marketing techniques such as word-of-mouth which is accomplished by recommendations of the products and services to other customers. In the Wolseley, a proper list of products, management of the staff and workers, and controlling the quality of products is a key issue. The Wolseley is a caf, a restaurant and a coffeehouse altogether that provides fair-priced and delicious foods to the customers. In the coffe e-house, customers can offer coffee and espresso-based drinks, shaved-ices, fruit flavored and/or juiced drinks, and other drinks that can be typically offered by a coffee shop.

A report to identify operational risk failures of the Fukushima Essay

A report to identify operational risk failures of the Fukushima nuclear disaster - Essay Example For the entire extensive fact, it offers what the report cannot completely convey - specifically to a worldwide onlookers - is the approach that reinforced the laxity behind this tragedy. What ought to be acknowledged - very excruciatingly - is that the disaster was "occasioned in Japan." Rendering to ICANPS website, its essential roots are to be established in the entrenched customs of Japanese ethnicity: their reflexive obedience, their hesitance to question authority, their devoutness to abiding with the schedule, their groupism, and their insularity. The TEPCO and government were unsuccessful in preventing the tragedy not because a big tsunami was unexpected, but since they were unwilling to invest effort, money and time in shielding against a natural tragedy reflected as unlikely. The regulatory and utility bodies were excessively self-assured that events a far from the latitude of their suppositions would not transpire and were not conscious that assesses to avoid the severest situation were truly full of cracks. TEPCO had actually pondered in on an assessment concerning earthquake threat and inquired the government to essentially underplay the probability of a tidal wave in the area, an interim report said. The board's report criticized an insufficient legal structure for nuclear disaster management, emergency-command confusion triggered by the TEPCO and government, and conceivable excess interfering on the involvement from prime minister's bureau in the initial phase of the predicament. The board settled that a background of complacency concerning nuclear welfare and poor disaster management steered towards the nuclear catastrophe. This was according to ICANPS official website. Japanese officials overlooked the threats of a nuclear calamity since they believed in the 'myth of atomic safety', such as the idea that serious calamities do not take place at nuclear-powered enclosures in Japan. The essential problem falls in the point that functionalities, to gether with TEPCO (Tokyo Electric Power), and the regime failed to perceive the risk as reality. The interim report also articulated that TEPCO and the government believed the 'idea that severe misfortunes do not ensue at nuclear enclosures in their country'. "Since the administration and the energy utilities, as well as TEPCO, were prejudiced by the security myth, reasoning they would certainly not ever encounter such a severe calamity, they were notable to apprehend that such a catastrophe might occur in actuality. The panel declared in its concluding report that this seemed to remain as the essential problem. TEPCO therefore failed to warm up for sufficient tsunami safeguards or disaster management measures to cope with a base blackout. The board's report revealed that the Fukushima catastrophe arose because persons did not grasp the effect of natural cataclysms seriously. Yotaro Hatamura, an engineer professor at the University of Tokyo who oversaw the commission, expressed in a news session that even although there existed new discoveries about the threat of a tidal wave, TEPCO might not have seen it since people are visionless to anything they do not plan to see. This was according to Asian News International article. The board proposed that post-Fukushima protection steps put in place